Tissue culture technology in today’s era has become compelling in the field of life sciences and biotechnology which facilitates the basis to study the proliferation, differentiation, regulation and helps in performing genetic manipulations. The growth in the tissue culture media has allowed scientists to work with a wide range of cells under controlled circumstances, which has enabled our understanding of proliferation and differentiation, the characterization of growth factors, and the awareness of mechanisms underlying the core activities of various cell types. Additionally, new technologies have been used to examine, study and perform genome-editing techniques through tissue culture that has led to the discovery of various therapeutics and treatment of diseases.

Historical Perspective

The very first mammalian cell cultures were discovered in the early twentieth century. The cultures were initially developed to research cell culture development as well as typical physiological phenomena such as nerve formation. In 1907, Ross Harrison demonstrated the first in vitro nerve fibre development. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1950s when animal cell culture was done on a large scale. Massive polio epidemics in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the resulting demand for viral vaccinations, highlighted the need for large-scale cell cultures. Among the first commercial product generated from cultivated animal cells was a polio vaccine developed from a deactivated virus.

Gene-Editing Origins

In the 1970s and 1980s, the first targeted genetic alterations were made in yeast and mice. This gene-editing was based on the homologous recombination process, which was extremely accurate but imprudent, specifically in mouse cells. The retrieval of the necessary products demanded proper evaluation and characterisation. Gene targeting was not easily transferable to other species due to the lower frequencies and unavailability of culturable embryonic stem cells in mammals other than mice.

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